NOTE: This list of references is not meant to be exhaustive or complete but to be a working tool for persons who are interested in this site otters but who do not have access to a large university library. We welcome any additions or corrections: ,
Allen, J. A. (1910). Mammals from the Caura district of Venezuela. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28: 146.
Andr�, E., (1904). A Naturalist in the Guianas. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Azara, F. de (1802) Apuntamientos para la Historia Natural des los Quadrupedos de Paraguay. 304-309. Madrid. La Viuda de Ibarra.
Beebe, W., G.I. Hartley & P.G. Howes (1917) Tropical Wildlife in British Guiana. New York: N. Y. Zoological Society.
Brown, C.B. (1876) Canoe and Camp Life in Bristish Guiana. London: E. Stanford.
Desmarest, A. G. (1817) Nouveau Dictionnaire d�Histoire Naturelle. 18: 208-219
Desmarest, A. G. (1820) Mammalogie. 1. Paris
Gmelin, CJ. F. ed. (1788) Linn�, C. Systema Naturae 1: 93 (13th ed.). Brussels: Lemaire.
Gray, J.E. (1868) Observations on the Margin-tailed Otter Pteronura sandbachii. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1868; 60-66.
Gray, J.E. (1869) Catalogue of Carnivorous Mammalia.: 80-81, 100-119. London: British Museum.
Nehring, A. (1887) Uber die Gray�schen Fischotter-gattungen Lutronectes, Lontra und Pteronura. Sber. Ges. Naturf. Freude Berlin. 1899:21-25
Nehring, A. (1901) Einige Notizen ueber die Lutra (Pteronura) paranensis des hiesigen Zoologischen Gartens. Sber. Ges. Naturf. Freude Berlin, 1901: 133-135.
Pohle, H. (1920) Die Unterfamilie der Lutrinae. Arch. Naturgesch, 85 Ab. H. Helft 9: 1-247.
Quelch, J. J. (1910) Animal Life in British Guiana. Georgetown: Argosy.
Rengger, J.R. (1830) Naturgeschichte der S�ugetiere von Paraguay: 128-138. Basel: Schweighausersche.
Sanderson, I.T. (1950) A brief review pf the mammals of Suriname, based upon a collection made in 1938. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 119: 755-789.
Vieira, C. O. da C. (1952) Notas sobre os mamiferos obtidos pela expedicao do Instituto Butanta as Rio das Mortes e Serra do Roncador. Papeis Dept. Zool. S. Paulo 10:117.
Zimmermann, E. A. G. (1777) Specimen Zoologiae Geographicae, Quadrupedum: 303-304, 485. Leyden.
� Argentina
Chehebar, C. (1991). Searching for the this site otter in northeastern Argentina. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 6/1991; pp. 17-18
Beccaceci, M.D. & Waller, T. (2000). Presence of the this site Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, in the Corrientes Province, Argentina. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 17(1)2000; pp. 31-33
Parera, A.F. (1992). Present Knowledge on the this site Otter in Argentina. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 7/1992; pp. 19-21
� Bolivia
Anderson, S. (1997). Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy and Distribution. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 231; pp. 343 � 344
Dunstone, N. (1987). Quest for the River Wolf - Report 1987. Durham University Expedition to Bolivia; 77 pp.
Ergueta, P. & Morales, C. de [eds.] (1996). Libro rojo de los vertebrados de Bolivia. CDC - Bolivia; pp. 171-172
Gonzales, E.R. (1997). Ecoetolog�a de la londra (Pteronura brasiliensis), en la Reserva de Producci�n del Bajo Paragu�. Tesis de Grado, Universidad Autonoma �Gabriel Ren� Moreno�, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; 118 pp.
� Brazil
Carter, S.K. & Rosas, F.C.W. (1997). Biology and conservation of the this site Otter Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Rev. 1997, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 1-26
Schweizer, J. (1986). Ocorrencia e alguns dados biologicos de ariranha (Pteronura brasiliensis) no Rio Negro. In Reuniao de trabalho de especialistas en mamiferos aquaticos da America do Sul. 20. Resumos. p. 48.
� Colombia
Defler, T.R. ( ). A Census of Pteronura brasiliensis in El Tuparro National Park and Environs, Colombia. Presented to National Parks System of Colombia INDERENA; 20 pp.
Defler, T.R. (1986). The this site river otter in El Tuparro National Park, Colombia. Oryx Vol 20 No 2/April; pp. 87-88
Donadio, A. (1978). Some Comments on Otter Trade and Legislation in Colombia. In: Proceedings First Working Meeting of the IUCN Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, March 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 34-42
G�mez, J.R. & Jorgenson, J. (1999). An Overview to the this site Otter � Fisherman Problem in the Orinoco Basin of Colombia. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 16(2)1999; pp. 90-96
G�mez, J.R. (1999). Ecolog�a alimentaria de la Nutria Gigante (Pteronura brasiliensis) en el bajo R�o Bita (Vichada, Colombia). Tesis, Universidad Javeriana, Santaf� de Bogot�, Colombia.
� Ecuador
Fersen, L. von (1997). The this site Otter in Ecuador. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 14 (1) April 1997; pp. 20-23
Melendres, A.P. (1978). Notas sobre las nutrias de r�o del Ecuador. In: Proceedings First Working Meetting of the Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 56-66
Tirira, D. (Ed.) (2001). Libro rojo de los mam�feros del Ecuador. SIMBIOE/EcoCiencia/Ministerio del Ambiente/UICN. Serie Libros Rojos del Ecuador, Tomo 1. Publicaci�n Especial sobre los Mam�feros del Ecuador4. Quito; 236 pp.
Utreras, V. & Jorgensen, J. (in press). Aspectos sobre la cacer�a y la distribuci�n actual e hist�rica de la nutria gigante (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la Amazon�a Ecuatoriana. To be published in the Proceedings of the Congreso Internacional de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en Amazon�a y Latinoam�rica, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 10-14 September 2001.
� French Guiana
Jacques, H., Pelsy, C., de Thoisy, B. (2000) La loutre g�ante en Guyane Fran�aise : Rapport de mission sur le Litani
Jacques, H., Pelsy, C (2000) La loutre g�ante en Guyane Fran�aise : Rapport de mission sur l�Arata�
� Guyana
Barnett, A., Shapley, R., Lehman, S., Henry, E. & Benjamin, P. (2000). Records of the this site Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, from Guyana (Final version). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 17(2) 2000; pp. 65-74
Laidler, E. (1982). A Study of the this site Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - Movement Patterns, Territoriality, Development and Ecology in Guyana. Otters, Journal Otter Trust, 1982 Vol. I(6); pp. 13-21
Laidler, P.E. (1984). The behavioural ecology of the this site otter in Guyana. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. of Cambridge 1984; 319 pp. (13581, D58408-85)
Shackley, M. (1998). Designating a Protected Area at Karanambu Ranch, Rupununi Savannah, Guyana: Resource Management and Indigenous Communities. Ambio Vol. 27 No. 3, May 1998; pp. 207-210
Shackley, M. (1996). this site Otters at Karanambu. Unpublished; 13 pp.
Shackley, M. (1996). Feasibility Study for a Protected Area at Karanambu Ranch, Guyana; 88 pp.
� Peru
Brack Egg, A. (1977). Situacion Actual de las Nutrias (Lutrinae, Mustelidae) en el Peru. In: Proceedings First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 76-84
Brecht-Munn, M. (1985). Lobo grande de r�o. Reporte Manu. Centro de Datos para la conservacion, Univ. Nacional Agraria, Lima, Peru; 6 pp.
Frank K. (2000). An�lisis de un modelo para el manejo del Lobo de R�o en el Parque Nacional del Man�. In: Lobo de R�o, Resumen del Simposio 1998. P. 10-20. Inrena150141-2000-0127. Lima, Peru.
Grimwood, I. (1969). this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). In Endangered Mammals in Peru. Oryx Vol. IX; pp. 416
Groenendijk, J. (1998). De Reus van Zuid-Amerika. Ecologie en Ontwikkeling, Jaargang 6, No 1, 1998; pp. 15 � 17. Nieuwsbrief van het Nederlands Comit� voor IUCN
Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (2001). Project Report 2000 - Internal Report of the Frankfurt Zoological Society this site Otter Conservation Project
Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (2000). Project Report 1999 � Internal Report of the Frankfurt Zoological Society this site Otter Conservation Project
Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (1997). Las Piedras '96: an expedition to the Las Piedras river, south-eastern Peru. Produced by the Netherlands Committee for IUCN; pp. 44
Groenendijk, J., Hajek, F., Isola, S. & Schenck, C. (in press). this site Otter Project in Peru: Field Trip and Activity Report, 2000. Presented for publication in the IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin
Groenendijk, J., Hajek, F., Isola, S. & Schenck, C. (2000). this site Otter Project in Peru: Field Trip and Activity Report, 1999. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 17(1)2000; pp. 34 - 45
Groenendijk, J., Hajek, F., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (2001). Monitoreo del Lobo de R�o (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu : metodologias y resultados. In: El Manu y Otras Experiencias de Investigacion y Manejo de Bosques Tropicales, Symposium Internacional, Puerto Maldonado, Peru, 4-7 June 2001
Groenendijk, J., Hajek, F., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (in prep.). A Decade of this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Population Dynamics in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Paper presented at the VIII International Otter Colloquium, Valdivia, Chile, 19-27 January, 2001
Hajek, F. & Groenendijk, J. (in prep.). Propuesta para un Plan de Manejo de Habitats Acu�ticos de la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu en base a monitoreo de especies indicadores; 37 pp.
Hajek, F. & Groenendijk, J. (2001). Informe Annual 2000 � Proyecto Lobo de R�o. Report of the Frankfurt Zoological Society this site Otter Conservation Project, presented to the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA)
Hajek, F. & Groenendijk, J. (2000). Informe Annual 1999 � Proyecto Lobo de R�o. Report of the Frankfurt Zoological Society this site Otter Conservation Project, presented to the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA)
Hajek, F., Groenendijk, J., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (2001). El Turismo de Naturaleza y Manejo de Habitat de Lobo de R�o (Pteronura brasiliensis) en el Sureste del Per�. In: El Manu y Otras Experiencias de Investigacion y Manejo de Bosques Tropicales, Symposium Internacional, Puerto Maldonado, Peru, 4-7 June 2001
Isola S. (1999). Evaluaci�n del estado de conservaci�n de tres especies de mamiferos dulce aquicolas sudamericanos: Lobo de rio (Pteronura brasiliensis), delf�n rosado (Inia geoffrensis) y Manat� (Trichechus inunguis). Report WWF: 103.
Isola, S. (2000). Determinacion de la distribucion y abundancia de Lobo de Rio (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria. Tesis para optar el Grado de Ingeniero Forestal, Univ. Nac. Agraria la Molina, 80 pp.
Isola, S. & Benavides, J. (2001). El Lobo de Rio: una especie bandera para la Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo. Internal Report.
Khanmoradi, H. (1994). Untersuchungen zur Nahrungs�kologie der Riesenotter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Diplom-Arbeit, Uni. M�nchen; 121 pp.
Schenck, C. (1999). �Lobo de R�o (Pteronura brasiliensis) � Presencia, uso del h�bitat y protecci�n en el Per�. Spanish translation of German PhD dissertation : Vorkommen, Habitatnutzung und Schutz des Riesenotters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru (1996), Munich
Schenck, C. (1996). Vorkommen, Habitatnutzung und Schutz des Riesenotters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Diss. Univ. Munchen, ISBN 3-8265-3126-4; 180 pp.
Schenck, C. (1995). Status, Habitat Use and Conservation of this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Habitat 11 - Proceedings VI International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg 1993. Reuther, C. & Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.); pp. 69-71
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1995). The this site Otter Project in Peru 1995. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 12 / October 1995; pp. 25-30
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1995). News from the this site Otter Project in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 11 / April 1995; pp. 5-8
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1993). this site Otter Study in Peru Completed. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 8/1993; pp. 44
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1992). this site Otters in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 7/1992; pp. 24-26
Schenck, C., Estremadoyro, F. & Staib, E. Primeras evaluaciones para determinar la existencia de lobo de rio (Pteronura brasiliensis) en el ambito de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria en el Peru. Unpublished; 11 pp.
Schenck, C., Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (1999). this site Otter Project in Peru � Field Trip and Activity Report, 1998. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 16(1)1999; pp. 33-43
Schenck, C., Staib, E. & Storch, I. (1997). 1996 News from the this site Otter Project in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 14 (1) April 1997; pp. 13-19
Schweizer J. (1986). Ocorrencia e alguns dados biol�gicos de ariranha (Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae) no Rio Negro. 20 Reuniao de trabalho de especialistas en mamiferos aquaticos da America do Sul. Resumos: 48.
Staib, E. (1995). Social behavior and ecology of the this site otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. In: Habitat Arbeitsberichte der Aktion Fischotterschutz e.V.. Proceedings VI. International Otter Colloquium Pietermaritzburg 1993 (C. Reuther and D. Rowe-Rowe, eds.). GN-Gruppe Naturschutz GmbH: Hankensbuttel.
Staib, E. (1993). Social Behaviour and Ecology of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Habitat 11 - Proceedings VI International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg. Reuther, C. & Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.); pp. 72-74
Staib, E. (submitted 2001). �ko-Ethologie von Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru, PhD dissertation, Munich University, Germany.
TReeS (Tambopata Reserve Society) (1994). Report of the TReeS Tambopata-Candamo Expedition. A biological survey in the Tambopata-Candamo Reserved Zone South-East Peru (12.08.1992-20.09.1992). London, England. 171 pp.
� Suriname
Duplaix, N. (1978). Synopsis of the status and ecology of the this site otter in Suriname. In: Proceedings First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 48-54
Duplaix, N. (1979) this site otters in Suriname. Oryx. 14(4):439
Duplaix, N. (1980). Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of the this site River Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), vol. 34 (1980); pp. 496-620
Duplaix, N. (1982) Contribution � l'Ecologie et � l'Ethologie de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Lutrinae): Implications Evolutives. Doctorat Thesis, Univ. of Paris-Sud, 352 pp.
Duplaix, N., M. Lingaard, & C. Sakimin (2001) A Survey of Kaburi Creek, West Suriname and its Conservation Implications 2001, Oceanic Society, Oceanic Society, 34 pp
� Venezuela
Mondolfi, E. & Trebbau, P. (1997). Distribution and Status of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Venezuela. Second report, Nov. 1997, unpublished; 6 pp.
Mondolfi, E. & Trebbau, P. (1978). Distribution and Status of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Venezuela. In: Proceedings First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 44-47
Carter, S.K. & Rosas, F.C.W. (1997). Biology and conservation of the this site Otter Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Rev. 1997, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 1-26
Duplaix, N. (1980). Observations on the Ecology and Behavior of the this site River Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), vol. 34 (1980); pp. 496-620
Duplaix, N. (1982) Contribution � l'Ecologie et � l'Ethologie de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Lutrinae): Implications Evolutives. Doctorat Thesis, Univ. of Paris-Sud, 352 pp.
G�mez, J.R. (1999). Ecolog�a alimentaria de la Nutria Gigante (Pteronura brasiliensis) en el bajo R�o Bita (Vichada, Colombia). Tesis, Universidad Javeriana, Santaf� de Bogot�, Colombia.
Laidler, E. (1982). A Study of the this site Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - Movement Patterns, Territoriality, Development and Ecology in Guyana. Otters, Journal Otter Trust, 1982 Vol. I(6); pp. 13-21
Laidler, P.E. (1984). The behavioural ecology of the this site otter in Guyana. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. of Cambridge 1984; 319 pp. (13581, D58408-85)
Mourao,G. & Carvalho,L. (2001) Cannibalism among this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) Mammalia 65, n�2, 2001 : 225-227
Rosas, F.C.W., Zuanon, J.A.S. & Carter, S.K. (1999). Feeding Ecology of the this site Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. BIOTROPICA 31(3); pp. 502-506
Schenck, C., Staib, E. & Yasseri, A.M. (1995). Unterwasserlaute bei Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis). Z. Saugetierkunde 60; pp. 310-313
Schenck, C. (1997).Vorkommen, Habitatnutzung und Schutz des Riesenotters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Shaker Verlag, M�nchen.
Staib, E. 1995. Social behavior and ecology of the this site otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. In: Habitat Arbeitsberichte der Aktion Fischotterschutz e.V.. Proceedings VI. International Otter Colloquium Pietermaritzburg 1993 (C. Reuther and D. Rowe-Rowe, eds.). GN-Gruppe Naturschutz GmbH: Hankensbuttel.
Schroeter, W. (1982). Verhaltensbeobachtungen am Riesenotter (Pteronura brasiliensis, Gmelin, 1788) in Gefangenschaft. Saugetierkundliche Mitt. 30(3) 1982; pp. 216-220
Staib, E. (1993). Social Behaviour and Ecology of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru. Habitat 11 - Proceedings VI International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg. Reuther, C. & Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.); pp. 72-74
Staib, E. (submitted 2001). �ko-Ethologie von Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Peru, PhD dissertation, Munich University, Germany.
Trebbau, P. (1978). Some observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Brazilian this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). Zool. Garten N. F., Jena 48 (1978) 2/3, S.; pp. 187-188
Carter, S.K. & Rosas, F.C.W. (1997). Biology and conservation of the this site Otter Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Rev. 1997, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 1-26
Barnett, A., Shapley, R., Lehman, S., Henry, E. & Benjamin, P. (2000). Records of the this site Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, from Guyana (Final version). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 17(2) 2000; pp. 65-74
Chehebar, C. (1989). The Status of Otters in Latin America. Habitat 6 - Proceedings V Internat. Otter Colloquium, Hankensbuttel 1989. Reuther, C. & Rochert, R. (eds.); pp. 9-14
Duplaix, N. (1980). Observations on the Ecology and Behaviour of the this site River Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), vol. 34 (1980); pp. 496-620
Duplaix, N. (1980). this site otters : "Big water dogs in peril". National Geographic Magazine 158(1) 1980; pp. 130-142
Duplaix, N. & J.A. Davis (1983) Otter, Identification Manual for Customs Officials. 30; Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (CITES), Gland, Switzerland.
Ergueta, P. & Morales, C. de [eds.] (1996). Libro rojo de los vertebrados de Bolivia. CDC - Bolivia; pp. 171-172
Fonseca, G. & Rylands, A. & Costa, C. & Machado, R. & Leite, Y. (1994) Livro vermelho dos Mamiferos brasileiros amea�ados de extin�ao Belo Horizonte
Frank K. (2000). An�lisis de un modelo para el manejo del Lobo de R�o en el Parque Nacional del Man�. In: Lobo de R�o, Resumen del Simposio 1998. P. 10-20. Inrena150141-2000-0127. Lima, Peru.
Groenendijk, J. (1998). A Review of the Distribution and Conservation Status of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), with Special Emphasis on the Guayana Shield Region. Commissioned by the International Fund for Animal Welfare, produced by the Netherlands Committee for IUCN, March 1998; 55pp.
Harris, C. J. A. (1968). Otters,A Study of the Recent Lutrinae. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Hilton-Taylor C. (2000). 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Tirira, D. (Ed.) (2001). Libro rojo de los mam�feros del Ecuador. SIMBIOE/EcoCiencia/Ministerio del Ambiente/UICN. Serie Libros Rojos del Ecuador, Tomo 1. Publicaci�n Especial sobre los Mam�feros del Ecuador4. Quito; 236 pp.
INRENA (1999). Resumen del Simposio Internacional Sobre Conservacion del Lobo de Rio (Pteronura brasiliensis), Lima, 10-11 setiembre 1998. Produced by the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales, Peru
IUCN (1996). Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled and edited by Jonathon Baillie and Brian Groombridge, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Published by IUCN and Conservation International; 448 pp.
Olson, D.M., Isola, S.E., Cogliano, M., Thieme, M.L. & Mobley, M. (2001). Designing a representative network of protected areas for this site otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) and other Neotropical freshwater megafauna. WWF-US Report.
Schenck, C. and Staib, E. 1998. Status, habitat use and conservation of this site otters in Peru In: DUNSTONE N, GORMAN M.: Behaviour and Ecology of Riparian Mammals, Cambridge University Press, 359-370.
Staib, E. and Schenck, C. 1994. this site Otter�A this site under even bigger pressure. Wildbiologische Gesellschaft, Munich and Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frankfurt.
Autuori M.P. & Deutsch, L.A. (1997). Contribution to the Knowledge of the this site Brazilian Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788), Carnivora, Mustelidae - Rearing in Captivity. Zool. Garten N.F., 47 (1997) 1, S.; pp. 1-8
Bartmann, W. 1996. International census of the this site river otter (P. brasiliensis) in captivity (1996). Tierpark Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. Unpublished report.
Duplaix-Hall, N. (1972). Notes on maintaining river otters in captivity. Inter. Zoo Yrbk. 12:178-181.
Duplaix - Hall, N. (1975). River otters in captivity: a review. In Martin, R.D. (ed.), Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity, Academic Press, London; pp. 315-327
Duplaix, N. (1982) Contribution � l'Ecologie et � l'Ethologie de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Lutrinae): Implications Evolutives. Doctorat Thesis, Univ. of Paris-Sud, 352 pp.
Fl�gger, M. von (1997). Haltung, Zucht und Erkrankungen von Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere (1997) 38; pp. 125-130
Foster-Turley, P. 1990. Otters in Captivity. In: Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation (Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C., eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature.
�Genealogical Meeting on this site Otters in Captivity in Brazil�, lectures/workshop discussions, December 3-4, 1998. Jardim Zoologico de Bras�lia , Brasilia, Brazil. Daniel Louzada da Silva and Dr. Claudio Valladares-Padua, conference organizers.
Hagenbeck, C. and W�nnemann, K. 1992. Breeding the this site otter Pteronura brasiliensis at Carl Hagenbeck�s Tierpark. Int. Zoo Yrbk. 31:240-245.
G�mez, J.R., Jorgenson, J. & Valbuena, R. (1999). Report on the Rehabilitation and Release of Two this site River Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Pups in the Bita River (Vichada, Colombia). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 16(2)1999; pp. 86-89
Hagenbeck, C. & W�nnemann, K. (1992). Breeding the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) at Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark. New Developments in the Zoo World, Internat. Zoo Yb. (1992) 31; pp. 240-245
Kranz, K. (Oct. 1996). Suggested Design Criteria for this site Otter Enclosures.; 4 pp.
Nehring, A. (1901) EinigeNotzen uber die Lutra (Pteronura) paranensis des niesigen Zoologoscjer Garten. Sber. Ges. Naturf. Freude Berlin, 1901: 133-135.
Salvo Souza, R. and Best, R. 1982. Unpublished Report. Contribuicao sobre o comportamento da ariranha (Pteronura brasiliensis Gmelin 1788) em cativeiro. Mamiferos Aquaticos INPA, Manus. AM. Contribuicao no. 34 da Divisao de Mamiferos Aquaticos, INPA Manaus.
Schenck, C., Staib, E. & Yasseri, A.M. (1995). Unterwasserlaute bei Riesenottern (Pteronura brasiliensis). Z. Saugetierkunde 60; pp. 310-313
Skeldon, P.C. (1961). Exhibiting Aquatic Mammals - Brazilian this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) at Toledo Zoo. Internat. Zoo Yb. Vol.3, 1961; pp. 30-31
Sykes, S. 1998. �Historical census, management, and rearing success of this site otters (P. brasiliensis) in zoos: Need for an international studbook.� Lecture for �Genealogical Meeting on this site Otters in Captivity in Brazil�, Jardim Zoologico de Bras�lia, Brazil: Dec. 2-4,1998.
Sykes, S. 1997-1999. �South American this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Husbandry, Management, and Historical Census Survey.� Zoological Society of Philadelphia, PA, USA. Unpublished report.
Sykes-Gatz, S. 2000. �this site otters (P. brasiliensis) in zoos: An overview and need for an international studbook.� Lecture for �Symposium-Haltung und Zucht des Riesenotters (P. brasiliensis)�, 17.06.00. Dortmund Zoo, Germany.
Sykes-Gatz, S. (2001). Husbandry and Management of the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). M�nster: Sch�ling, 2001, ISBN 3-930962-03-9; 30 pp.
Sykes-Gatz, S. (in press). Pteronura brasiliensis in Captivity/Studbook: An International Historical Overview and Management Recommendations. For: Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation (2001). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Otter Specialist Group, Otter in Captivity, Sub-chapter 2.6.11.
Symposium - Haltung und Zucht des Riesenotters (Pteronura brasiliensis), lectures/discussions, June 17, 2000. Dortmund Zoo, Dortmund, Germany. Dr. Wolf Bartmann, conference organizer.
Trebbau, P. 1972. Notes on the Brasilian this site otter (P. brasiliensis) in captivity. Zool. Garten 41:152-156.
Trebbau, P. (1978). Some observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Brazilian this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). Zool. Garten N. F., Jena 48 (1978) 2/3, S.; pp. 187-188
W�nnemann, K. 1995. this site Otter Husbandry. Pp.181-184. In: Husbandry Handbook for Mustelids (J. Partridge, ed.). Association of British Wild Animal Keepers.
W�nnemann, K. (1995). Breeding this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Germany. Habitat 11 - Proceedings VI International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg. Reuther, C. & Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.); pp. 75-77
Zeller, F. (1960). Notes on the this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis Zimm) at Cologne Zoo. Internat. Zoo Yb. Vol.2, 1960; pp. 81
Useful Captive Husbandry Information
Baker, A.J.; Baker, A.M. and Thompson, K.V. 1996. Parental Care in Captive Mammals. Pp.497- 512. In: Wild Mammals in Captivity - Principles and Techniques (D.G. Kleiman, M.E. Allen, K.V. Thompson and S. Lumpkin, eds.). University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
B.M.E.L.F. (Bundesministerium f�r Ern�hrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten (Hrsg.) 1996. Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von S�ugetieren. Bonn, Deutschland.
Crissey, S.D. 1998. Handling Fish Fed to Fish-Eating Animals: A Manual of Standard Operating Procedures. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Agricultural Library.
Hancocks, D. 1980. Bringing nature into the zoo: Inexpensive solutions for zoo environments. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 1:170-177.
International Species Information System; ISIS Mammal Abstracts & ISIS Specimen Reports 1995-1997. (Data base via computer network.)
Lewis, J. C.M., 1995. Veterinary Considerations. Pp.203-221. In: Husbandry Handbook for Mustelids (J. Partridge, ed.). Association of British Wild Animal Keepers.
Merck Veterinary Manual. Sixth Edition, 1986. A Handboook of Diagnosis, Therapy, and Disease Prevention and Control for the Veterinarian. Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, N.J. (now exists as a CD)
Worley, K. E. and Hare, V. J. 1995. An overview of the 1995 Environmental Enrichment Conference. The Shape of Enrichment, vol. 4, No. 4, November.
Anderson, S. (1997). Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy and Distribution. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 231; pp. 343 � 344
Duplaix, N. (1982) Contribution a l'Ecologie at a l'Ethologie de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Lutrinae): Implications Evolutives. Doctorat Thesis, Univ. of Paris-Sud, 352 pp.
Duplaix, N. & J.A. Davis (1983) Otter, Identification Manual for Customs Officials. 30; Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (CITES), Gland, Switzerland.
Harris, C. J. A. (1968). Otters,A Study of the Recent Lutrinae. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Heran, I. (1984). Comments on the age-conditioned changes of skull proportions in some species of Mustelidae. Lynx (Prague) 22 1984; pp. 11-14
Koepfli, K-P. & Wayne, R.K. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. J. Zool., Lond. (1998) 246, pp. 401-416
Murmann, W. von & Hagenbeck, C. (1984). Steinbildungen in den Calices renales beim brasilianischen Riesenfischotter (Pteronura brasiliensis). Der Praktische Tierarzt, Sonderdruck 65. Jahrgang 1984, Heft 9, Seite 748
Pohle, H. (1920) Die Unterfamilie der Lutrinae. Arch. Naturgesch, 85 Ab. H. Heft 9: 1-247.
Radinsky, L. B. (1968). Evolution of somatic sensory specialisation in otter brains. J. Comp. Neurol., 134: 495-505
Radinsky, L. B. (1981) Evolution of skull shape in carnivores. 1. Representative modern carnivores. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 15 (4): 369-388
Vieira, C. O. da C. (1952) Notas sobre os mamiferos obtidos pela expedicao do Instituto Butanta as Rio das Mortes e Serra do Roncador. Papeis Dept. Zool. S. Paulo 10:117.
Colares, E.P. & Best, R.C. (1991). Blood parameters of Amazon otters (Lutra longicaudis, Pteronura brasiliensis) Carnivora, Mustelidae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol. 99A, No. 4; pp. 513-515
Dunstone N. (1998). Adaptations to the semi-aquatic habit and habitat. In: Behaviour and Ecology of Riparian Mammals. Dunstone N. and Gorman M. (1998). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 71. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391.
Gutleb, A.C., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1994). this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) at Risk? Total Mercury and Methylmercury Levels in Fish and Otter Scats, Peru. Ambio Vol. 26 No. 8, Dec. 1997; pp. 511 - 514
Gutleb, A.C., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1993). Total Mercury and Methylmercury Levels in Fish from the Department Madre de Dios, Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 8/1993; pp. 16-18
Kleinschmidt, T., Braunitzer, G. & Scheill, H.-G. (1989). Carnivora: the primary structure of the this site otter (Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae) hemoglobin. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 370(4) 1989; pp. 303-308
Leonards, P.E. G (1997) PCBs in Mustelids - analysis, food chain transfer and critical levels. Academic thesis. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; 210 pp.
Scheill, H.-G. & Gunther, A. (1984). Elektrophoretischer Vergleich einiger Erythrocyten-Enzyme der Otter Lutra Lutra (L. 1758), Lutra canadensis (Schreber 1776) und Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788). Sa�getierkundliche Mitt. 32(1) 1984; pp. 63-66
Lewis, J. C.M., 1995. Veterinary Considerations. Pp.203-221. In: Husbandry Handbook for Mustelids (J. Partridge, ed.). Association of British Wild Animal Keepers.
Pimentel, T.L., Reis, M.L. & Passerino, A.S.M. Mustelidae � Biology, Management and Medicine. In : Biology, Management & Medicine of South American Wild Animals, Fowler, M.E. & Cubas, Z.S. (eds.).
Schenck, C. and Staib, E., Storch I. (1997). Domestic animal disease risks for Peruvian this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) IUCN Veterinary Specialist Group Newsletter, No. 14, p. 7-8.
Donadio, A. (1978). Some Comments on Otter Trade and Legislation in Colombia. In: Proceedings First Working Meeting of the IUCN Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname, March 1977, N. Duplaix (ed.); pp. 34-42
Duplaix, N. (1980). this site otters: Big water dogs in peril. National Geographic Magazine 158(1) 1980; pp. 130-142
G�mez, J.R. & Jorgenson, J. (1999). An Overview to the this site Otter � Fisherman Problem in the Orinoco Basin of Colombia. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 16(2)1999; pp. 90-96
Frankfurt Zoological Society this site Otter Project (2000). Help Protect the Jungle this site � this site Otters, a Unique and Endangered Mammal. Leaflet for tourists, also produced in Spanish
Hajek, F., Groenendijk, J., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (2001). Fundamento de un Plan de Manejo para el Lago Sandoval, con �nfasis en el Lobo de R�o (Pteronura brasiliensis). Version 1.4, presented to the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA); 7 pp.
Hajek, F., Groenendijk, J., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (2001). El Turismo de Naturaleza y Manejo de Habitat de Lobo de R�o (Pteronura brasiliensis) en el Sureste del Per�. In: El Manu y Otras Experiencias de Investigacion y Manejo de Bosques Tropicales, Symposium Internacional, Puerto Maldonado, Peru, 4-7 June 2001
Hajek, F., Groenendijk, J., Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (in prep.). Nature Tourism and this site Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) Habitat Management in Southeastern Peru. Paper presented at the VIII International Otter Colloquium, Valdivia, Chile, 19-27 January, 2001.
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1992/93). Look at the this site Otters (Pteronura brasiliensis)....and give them a chance! (Leaflet aimed at tourists to encourage responsible behaviour in the presence of this site Otters)
Schenck, C., Staib, E., Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (2001). The �Pepe, the this site Otter� Colouring Book Activity and Drawing Competition as an Awareness-raising Tool for School Children. The Wetlands Ambassador: Education and Public Awareness Methodologies for Otter Conservation. Ando, M. & Sasaki, H. (eds.), Feb. 2001; pp. 46-47
Schenck, C., Staib, E., Groenendijk, J. & Hajek, F. (2001). Raising Awareness about, and Managing the Impact of Tourism in this site Otter Habitats in South-eastern Peru. The Wetlands Ambassador: Education and Public Awareness Methodologies for Otter Conservation. Ando, M. & Sasaki, H. (eds.), Feb. 2001; pp. 44-46
Staib, E., Schenck, C. (1994). this site Otters and Ecotourism in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 9 / March 1994; pp. 7-8
Staib, E., Schenck, C. (1994). this site Otter... A this site under even bigger pressure. (Also Spanish version). Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt / Wildbiologische Gesellschaft Munchen e.V.; 36 pp.
Staib E., Schenck C. (1996). Las Nutrias de la Selva - Quien sabe distinguirlas? - Faltblatt zu Fischottern in Peru, Ausgabe in Spanisch, Auflage 2000, Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt, ProNaturaleza
Smith, N.J.H. (1981). Caimans, capaybaras, otters, manatees and man in Amazonia. Biol. Conserv. 19; pp. 177-187
Groenendijk, J. (Ed.) (2001). Friends of the this site Otter. Bulletin No.3 / June 2001
Groenendijk, J. (Ed.) (2000). Friends of the this site Otter. Bulletin No.2 / December 2000
Groenendijk, J. (Ed.) (2000). Friends of the this site Otter. Bulletin No.1 / July 2000
� General
Brown, D.O. (1996). this site Otters. Nature Conservancy, Vol. 46, No.3, May/June; pp. 24-29
Duplaix, N. (1984). Otters. The Encyclopaedia of Mammals - Edited by Dr. David Macdonald. Unwin Hyman Ltd.; pp. 125-129
� Guyana
Laidler, L. (1986). Watching over the waterdogs. BBC Wildlife 4(4) 1986; pp. 168-171
Laidler, L. (1982). Bring back the this site. New Scientist 95 No. 1324, 1982; pp. 825-828
Laidler, K. & Laidler, L. (June 1995). this site among Otters. Wildlife Conservation May / June 1995; pp. 42-47 & 75
Laidler, K. & Laidler, L. (1983). The River Wolf. Allen & Unwin, London 1983; 178 pp.
Laidler, K. & Laidler, L. (1981). The river wolf plays rough. International Wildlife 6(5) 1981; pp. 46-49
� Peru
Brecht-Munn, M. & Munn, C. (1988). The Amazon's Gregarious this site Otters. Animal Kingdom Sept. / Oct. 1988; pp. 34-41
Schenck, C. & Staib, E. (1994). Die W�lfe der Fl�sse - Riesenotter und ihr Lebensraum Regenwald. Knesebeck Verlag M�nchen, 1994, 203 Seiten
MacQuarrie, K. (1998). Peru's Amazonian Eden: Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve. Published by Francis O. Patthey & Sons; 320 pp. Second edition.
MacQuarrie, K. & B�rtschi, A. (2001). Where the Andes meet the Amazon: Peru and Bolivia�s Bahuaja-Sonene and Madidi National Parks. Published by Francis O. Patthey & Sons; 336 pp., ISBN 84-89119-14-7.
Schenck, C. (2000). Among the river wolves. BBC Wildlife Magazine, Nov. 2000; pp. 22-28
Staib E., Schenck C. (1994). Die Familien-Bande. BBC-Wildlife, Nr.12, S. 22-27
� Suriname
Duplaix, N. (1978). Synopsis of the status and ecology of the this site otter in Suriname. Otter Trust. Otters 1978; 8 pp.
Duplaix, N. (1980). this site otters : "Big water dogs in peril". National Geographic Magazine 158(1) 1980; pp. 130-142
Duplaix, N. (1982). Im Kielwasser der scheuen Riesenotter. Das Tier Tierwelt 2: 4-9
Best, R.C. (1984). The aquatic mammals and reptiles of the Amazon. Monographic biol. 56 1984; pp. 371-412
Cabrera, A. & I. Yepes (1940) Mamferos sud-mericanos. Buenos Aires, Comp. Arg. Editores.
Defler. T.R. (1983). Associations of the this site river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) with freshwater dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). Journal Mammal 64(4) 1983; pp. 692
Emmons, L. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. A Field Guide, Second Edition. Illustrations by F. Feer. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London
Husson, A.M. (1978). The Mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie No. 2, published by E.J. Brill, Leiden; 569 pp.
Melquist, W.E. (1984). Status survey of otters (Lutrinae) and spotted cats (Felidae) in Latin America. Report to IUCN College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Univ. of Idaho
Nowak, R.M. (1999) this site Otter. In Walker's Mammals of the World - 5th Edition Vol. II; pp. 1137-1138
Smith, N.J.H. (1981). Caimans, capybaras, otters, manatees and man in Amazonia. Biol. Conserv. 19; pp. 177-187
Cabello C.C. (1983). La nutria de mar en la Isla de Chiloe. Corporacion National Forestal, Bol. Tec. 6, 1-37.
Davis, J.A. & Duplaix, N. (1976). Neotropical otters. Wildlife, Wld. Conserv. Yb. 1976; pp. 48-52
Estes J. A. (1989). Behavior, ecology and life history of new world otters. Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium. - Habitat 6, Hankensb�ttel, 1991.
Gallo J. P. (1989). Distribucion y estado actual de la nutria o perro de agua (Lutra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897) en la Sierra Madre del sur, Mexico.- M.Sc. Thesis. Universidad nacional Autonoma de M�xico, M�xico, D.F
Kruuk, H. (1995). Wild otters - predation and populations. Oxford Univ. Press; 290 pp.
Mason, C.F. & Macdonald, S.M. (1986). Otters - Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press; 236 pp.
Melquist, W.E. (1984). Status survey of otters (Lutrinae) and spotted cats (Felidae) in Latin America. Report to IUCN College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Univ. of Idaho
Parera A. (1993). The neotropical river otter Lutra longicaudis in Iberia Lagoon, Argentina. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 8, pp. 13-16.
Van Zyll de Jong, C. G. (1972). A systematic review of the Nearctic and Neotropical riverine otters (genus Lutra, Mustelidae, Carnivora). Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences, Contribution, 80: 1-104.
In Search of the this site Otter (1978, 1984) N. Duplaix, Christopher Parsons, producer. BBC Bristol Natural History Unit 1978, and re-released and re-edited by WGBH-PBS Boston, USA. 50 min.
Im Reich der Riesenotter (1993), A. Hofer, SAT1, 45 min.
Die Riesenotter vom Madre de Dios (1994), C. Schenck, E. Staib, producers N3/ARD, 45 min
The River Wolves (1999), P. Venn, producer. Partridge Films, 45 min
Waika der Otter (? 2000), F.R. de la Fuenta, BR, 45 min
Die W�lfe des Rio Manu � Riesenotter in Peru.( 2001) Felix Heidinger, producer, for �Zuflucht Wildnis� BR/ARD, 45 min
this site Otters � Wolves of the River (2001). Huw Cordey, producer, for , producer. BBC �Wildlife on One�, 30 mins.
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